| 10. ÊãñŒãñ Ìã ‚ãâªã•ã¹ã¨ã‡ãŠ ãäÌã¼ããØã |
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ãäÊã¹ããè‡ãŠ ›â‡ãŠÊãñŒã‡ãŠ - ÀãñŒã¹ããÊã |
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‡ãŠã½ã‡ãŠã•ã |
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Àãñ•ãÞ¾ããÀãñ•ã ÔãÌãà Œã㦾ãã‡ãŠ¡î¶ã ‡ãŠÀ ¹ãŠãè ƒ¦¾ããªãè À‡ãŠ½ãã ¼ãÀ¥ãã Üãñ¥ãñ Ìã ºãú‡ãŠñ¦ã •ã½ãã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ,¹ããÔãºãì‡ãŠñ ‚ã²ããÌã¦ã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã Üãñ¥ãñ |
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ÀãñŒã¹ããÊã Àãñ‡ãŠ¡ÌãÖãè Àãñ•ãÞ¾ãã Àãñ•ã ãäÊãÖãè¥ãñ Ìã ÊãñŒãã¹ããÊã ¾ããâÞãñ‡ãŠ¡î¶ã ¦ã¹ããÔãî¶ã Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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£ã¶ããªñÍã ¹ããñÞã Ìã ¦ã¦Ôãâºãâ£ããè ¹ããÌ㦾ãã, ÌÖãÌãÞãÔãà ¹ãŠã¾ããäÊãâØã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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Àãä•ãÔ›À ‚ã²ããÌã¦ã ŸñÌã¥ãñ. |
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̾ãÌãÔãã¾ã‡ãŠÀ, ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ¼ãÀ¥ãã ÌãñßÞ¾ããÌãñßãè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ºãú‡ãŠ ‡ãŠã½ããè ‚ããÌã;ã‡ãŠ ‡ãŠãØ㪹ã¨ã ãäÌã¼ããØã, ¹ãƽãìŒããâ¶ãã „¹ãÊãºã£ã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã ªñ¥ãñ. |
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‚㶾㠌ã㦾ãã¦ãî¶ã ‚ããÊãñÊãñ £ã¶ããªñÍã ºãú‡ãŠñ¦ã ÌãñßÞãñÌãßãè ¼ãÀ¥ãñ Ìã ¦¾ããºããºã¦ã Àãä•ãÔ›À ŸñÌã¥ãñ. |
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Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãì‡ãŠãè Ôãâºãâ£ããè ‡ãŠã½ãñ Àãä•ãÔ›À, Œã¦ããÌã¥ããè ãäÊãÖãè¥ãñ, Œãã¦ãñ ¹ãƽãìŒããâÞ¾ãã ½ããØãêÍãöãã¹ãƽãã¥ãñ ‡ãŠã½ã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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‚ã¶ãã½ã¦ã À‡ã‹‡ãŠ½ãã ÍãñÀñ ½ããÀ¥ãñ |
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Œãã¦ãñ ¹ãƽãìŒããâÞ¾ãã ÔãîÞã¶ãñ¹ãƽãã¥ãñ ‡ãŠã½ãñ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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Œã¦ããÌã¥ããè ãäÊãÖãè¥ãñÔ㠽㪦㠇ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ÊãñŒãã¹ããÊã |
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‡ãŠã½ã‡ãŠã•ã |
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½ãÖãÀãÓ›È ¶ãØãÀ¹ããäÀÓãªã, ¶ãØãÀ¹ãâÞãã¾ã¦ããè Ìã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ ¶ãØãÀãè ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ã½ã 1965 Þãñ ‡ãŠÊã½ã 10,102,103 ¹ãƽãã¥ãñ ãäÌãÖãè¦ã ‡ãŠãÊã½ã¾ããêñ¦ã ‡ãŠã¾ãÃÌããÖãè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ, Ôãâºãâ£ããè¦ã ¹ãÆããä£ã‡ãŠãžãã Ôã½ããñÀ ½ãâ•ãîÀãèÔããŸãè ÔããªÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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½ãÖãÀãÓ›È ¶ãØãÀ¹ããäÀÓãªã, ¶ãØãÀ¹ãâÞãã¾ã¦ããè Ìã ‚ããõ²ããñãäØã‡ãŠ ¶ãØãÀãè ‚ããä£ããä¶ã¾ã½ã 1965 Þãñ ‡ãŠÊã½ã 91,91,91‚ã, 93,97,99,127,143 ¹ãƽãã¥ãñ ‡ãŠã¾ãÃÌããÖãèÌãÀ ãä¶ã¾ã¨ã¥ã ŸñÌã¥ãñ. |
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½ãã.ÔãâÞããÊã‡ãŠ, ¶ãØãÀ¹ããäÀÓ㪠¹ãÆÍããÔã¶ã ÔãâÞããÊã¶ããÊã¾ã, ½ãìâºãƒÃ ¾ããâÞãñ Ô©ãã¾ãÞããè ãä¶ãªóÍã ‰ãŠ. 1 ¦ãñ 36 ¶ãìÔããÀ ‡ãŠã¾ãÃÌããÖãè. |
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ÔãÌãÃÔãã£ããÀ¥ã Àãñ‡ãŠ¡ÌãÖãè ªÀÀãñ•ã ¦ã¹ããÔã¥ãñ, ÔÌããàãÀãè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ, Ìãñ¦ã¶ã ÀãŒããèÌã ãä¶ã£ããè, ãä¶ãÌãð§ããè Ìãñ¦ã¶ã, ¼ããäÌãÓ¾ã ãä¶ãÌããÃÖãä¶ã£ããè ãäÌãÍãñÓã ãä¶ã£ããè, ‚ãã½ãªãÀ,ŒããÔãªãÀ ãä¶ã£ããè ¦¾ããâÞãñ ‚ã²ããÌã¦ã ãäÖÍããñºã ŸñÌã¥ãñ ‡ãŠã½ããè Êãàã ªñ…¶ã ‡ãŠã½ã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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½ãÖãÀãÓ›È ¶ãØãÀ¹ããäÀÓ㪠ÊãñŒã ÔãâãäÖ¦ãã 1971 Þãñ ‡ãŠÊã½ã 75 ¶ãìÔããÀ ¶ã½ãì¶ãã ¶ãâ.4 ½ã£¾ãñ ‚ã©ãÃÔãâ‡ãŠÊ¹ã ¦ã¾ããÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ªìÖñÀãè ¶ããòª ÊãñŒã㠹㣪¦ããèÞããè ‚ãâ½ãÊãºã•ããÌã¥ããè |
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ãä¦ãè½ããÖãè, ÔãÖã½ããÖãè, ¶ã…½ããÖãè Ìã ÌãããäÓãÇ㊠ÊãñŒãñ ‡ãŠãÊããÌã£ããè Ôãâ¹ãʾãã¶ãâ¦ãÀ ¹ãì¤ãèÊã ½ããäÖ¶¾ããÞãñ Þããõ©¾ãã ‚ããŸÌ㡾ãã¦ã ¦ã¹ããÔã¥ããè ‡ãŠÁ¶ã ‚ãâ¦ãØãæã ÊãñŒãã ¹ããäÀàã‡ãŠ ¾ããâÞãñ ½ãã¹ãŠÃ¦ã ÔãÌãÃÔãã£ããÀ¥ã Ôã¼ãñ‡ãŠ¡ñ ÔããªÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ÔãÌãà ºãú‡ãŠ Œã㦾ããâÞ¾ãã ãäÍãÊã‡ãŠñÞããè ¹ã¡¦ããߥããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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½ãÖãÀãÓ›È ÊãñŒãã ÔãâãäÖ¦ãã 1971 Þãñ ãä¶ã¾ã½ã 51 ¹ãƽãã¥ãñ ãä¶ã¾ã½ãã¶ãñ ‡ãŠã¾ãÃÌããÖãè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ, ÊãñŒãã ÔãâãäÖ¦ãã ¹ããäÀãäÍãÓ› ¼ããØã ‚ã ãäÌã§ããè¾ã ¦ã¦ÌããâÞããè ‚ãâ½ãÊãºã•ããÌã¥ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ ºããºã¦ã ªàã¦ãã Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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ÊãñŒãã ãäÌã¼ããØãã‡ãŠ¡ãèÊã £ã¶ããªñÍã, ÀãñŒã À‡ã‹‡ãŠ½ã, Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãì‡ãŠ ¹ãƽãã¥ãñ¹ã¨ãñ ÔãâÀàã¥ã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ÔãÌãà ãä¶ã£ããèÞ¾ãã À‡ã‹‡ãŠ½ããâÞãñ ãäÖÍãñºã/Øãìâ¦ãÌã¥ãì‡ãŠã/ŒãÞãà ƒ¦¾ããªãèÌãÀ ãä¶ã¾ãâ¨ã¥ã ŸñÌã¥ãñ. |
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ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ¾ããñ•ã¶ããâÞãñ ÊãñŒãñ ‚ã²ããÌã¦ã ŸñÌã¥ãñ, ÌãñßãñÌãñßãè ãäÖÍããñºã ªñ¥ãñ Ìã ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ¹ã¨ã̾ãÌãÖãÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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‚ãʹãºãÞã¦ã /£Ìã•ãã䪶㠄²ããèÓ› ¹ãî¥ãà ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ÔãÌãà ‚ã¶ãìªã¶ããâÞããè ½ããØã¥ããè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ, ÍããÔã¶ããÔã ‚ã¶ãìªã¶ãã ºããºã¦ã ÊããØã¥ããÀãè ÔãÌãà ½ãããäÖ¦ããè „¹ãÊ㺣㠇ãŠÁ¶ã ªñ¥ãñ, ¹ããÌ㦾ãã ªñ¥ãñ, ÊãñŒãñ ‚ã²ããÌã¦ã ŸñÌã¥ãñ. |
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Ôããâã䌾ã‡ãŠãè ãäÌã¼ããØãã‡ãŠ¡ãèÊã ½ãããäÖ¦ããè ÔãÌãà ãäÌã¼ããØãã‡ãŠ¡î¶ã Ôãâ‡ãŠãäÊã¦ã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã ÔããªÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ |
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¶ã. ¹ã. ‚ãããä©ãÇ㊠ãäÔ©ã¦ããè ºããºã¦ã ‚ãÖÌããÊã ¦ã¾ããÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ÊãñŒãã ãäÌã¼ããØãã‡ãŠ¡ãèÊã ÊãñŒãã ¹ããäÀàã¥ã ‚ããàãñ¹ã, ¼ããÀ-‚ããä£ã¼ããÀ ¹ãƇãŠÀ¥ãñ, ¹ãÆÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã ¦ã¹ããÔã¥ããè ƒ¦¾ããªãè ¹ãî¦ãæãã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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ãäÌãÖãè¦ã ‡ãŠãÊã½ã¾ããê㠂ãÔã¥ããžãã ÔãâÔ©ãáâãÞããè ªñ¾ã‡ãŠñ ÌãñßñÌãÀ ‚ããªã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. „ªã.ªîÀ£Ìã¶ããè ãäºãÊãñ, ãäÌã•ã ãäºãÊãñ,¹ãã¥ããè¹ãìÀÌãŸã ªñ¾ã‡ãŠñ ƒ¦ã¾ããªãè. |
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ÍããÔã¶ãã‡ãŠ¡ãèÊ㠇㊕ãÃ, ‚㶾ã ÔãâÔ©ãã‡ãŠ¡ãèÊ㠇㊕ãà Ìã ƒ¦ãÀ ÔãÌãà ‡ãŠ•ããÃÞããè ¹ãÀ¦ã¹ãŠñ¡, Ö½ããè À‡ã‹‡ãŠ½ã ¹ãÀ¦ã¹ãŠñ¡ ½ã쪦ããè¦ã ‡ãŠÀ¥¾ããÞããè ªàã¦ãã Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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¶ãÌããè¶ã ‡ãŠ•ãà ‚ããÌã;ã‡ãŠ ‚ãÔãʾããÔã ½ããØã¥ããè ‡ãŠÁ¶ã Ôãàã½ã ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãžããÞããè ½ãâ•ãîÀãè Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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ÊãñŒãã ãäÌã¼ããØããÍããè Ôãâºãâ£ããè¦ã ÔãÌãà ԩãã¾ããè ãä¶ãªóÍã,¹ããäÀ¹ã¨ã‡ãŠñ,ÍããÔã¶ã ãä¶ã¥ãþã ãä¶ã¾ã½ã ƒ.ÔãâãäÞã‡ãŠã ¦ã¾ããÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ, ¹ãƽãã¥ã‡ãŠãâÌãÀ ÔãÌãà ‚ããä£ã‡ãŠãžããâÞ¾ãã ÔÌããàãžãã ¢ããʾããÌãÀ £ã¶ããªñÍã ãäÊãÖãè¥ãñ. |
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£ã¶ããªñÍã ¹ãìÔ¦ã‡ãŠñ Ôãâ¹ã¥¾ãã¹ãîÌããê ºãú‡ãŠñ¦ãî¶ã ‚ãã¥ãî¶ã ¶ããòª¥ããè ¶ãâ.1 ½ã£¾ãñ Àãä•ãÔ›À ½ã£¾ãñ Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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ÍããÔã‡ãŠãè¾ã À‡ãŠ½ãã „ªã. ãäÍãàã¥ã‡ãŠÀ,Àãñ•ãØããÀ Ö½ããè‡ãŠÀ,Ÿñ‡ãŠñªãÀ Ì㠂㶾㠽ããÊã¹ãìÀÌãŸãªãÀ ¾ããâÞ¾ãã ãäºãÊãã¦ãî¶ã ‡ãŠã¹ãî¶ã Üãñ¦ãÊãñʾãã À‡ãŠ½ãã ‚ãã¾ã‡ãŠÀ,ãäÌã‰ãŠãè‡ãŠÀ ÌãñßñÌãÀ ¼ãÀ¥ãã ‡ãŠÀ¥¾ããÞãñ ‡ãŠã½ã ‡ãŠ.ãäÊã¹ããè‡ãŠ ‡ãŠ¡î¶ã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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½ãÖãØããƒÃ ¼ã§ãã, 3 ½ããÖãè ½ãããäÖ¦ããè ‚ããÔ©ãã¹ã¶ãã ãäÌã¼ããØãã‡ãŠ¡î¶ã Üãñ…¶ã ÍããÔã¶ããÔã ¹ããŸãäÌã¥ãñ, Àãä•ãÔ›Àñ ‚ã²ããÌã¦ã ŸñÌã¥ãñ. |
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ªõ¶ãâã䪶㠼ãÀ¥ãã ÌãñßÞ¾ããÌãñßãè ‡ãŠÀ¥¾ããÌãÀ ªàã¦ãã ºããߥãñ, ‡ãŠ½ãÃÞããÀãè ¹ãØããÀ ÌãñßñÌãÀ ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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‚ã¶ãã½ã¦ã Àãä•ãÔ›À ‡ãŠ. ãäÊã¹ããè‡ãŠ ‡ãŠ¡î¶ã ‚ã²ã¾ããÌã¦ã ŸñÌ㥾ããÞ¾ãã ÔãîÞã¶ãã ‡ãŠÁ¶ã ‚ã¶ãã½ã¦ã À‡ã‹‡ãŠ½ã ÌãñßñÌãÀ ªñ¥ãñÞããè ‡ãŠã¾ãÃÌããÖãè ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ. |
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Öã¦ããŒããÊããèÊ㠇㊽ãÃÞããžããâÌãÀ ãä¶ã¾ãâ¨ã¥ã ŸñÌã¥ãñ. |
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ÌãÀãèÓŸ ‚ããªñÍãã ¹ãƽãã¥ãñ ‚㶾㠇ãŠã½ã ‡ãŠÀ¥ãñ Ìã ‡ãŠÀÌãî¶ã Üãñ¥ãñ. |
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‡ãŠã¾ãÃÀ¦ã ‡ãŠ½ãÃÞããÀãè |
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¶ãØãÀ¹ããäÀÓ㪠ÊãñŒãããä£ã‡ãŠãÀãè Ñãñ¥ããè ºã |
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ÔãÖã¾¾ã‡ãŠ ÊãñŒãã¹ããÊã |
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ãäÊã¹ããè‡ãŠ-›â‡ãŠÊãñŒã‡ãŠ (ÀãñŒã¹ããÊã) |
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ãäÊã¹ããè‡ãŠ -›â‡ãŠÊãñŒã‡ãŠ (ÊãñŒãã) |
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ãäÍã¹ããƒÃ |
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